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Home > Operation of Wastewater Treatment Works Handbook
 
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The Handbook for the Operation of Wastewater Treatment Works is now in its
second printing. WISA was able to negotiate lower costs with the printers.
The following are the new prices for the Handbook:
Members 173.00 + (VAT - R24.22) = R197.22.
Non-members R243.00 + (VAT - R34.02) = R277.02
Note: Above prices exclude postage (R37.20).
A 10% discount will be given on the handbook price, to members as well as
non-members, who order more than 5 handbooks.
In Early 2003, the Handbook has been released on CD in Adobe Acrobat
format with complete cross linking of references. The CD will be available
at the following prices:
Members R50.00 + (VAT - R7.00) = R57.00
Non-members R120.00 + (VAT - R16.80) = R136.80.
Contact details to puchases the book or CD:
Dot Zandberg at Head Office or E-mail: conference@wisa.org.za
Table of Contents
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CHAPTER
1
An Introduction to Wastewater Treatment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical
1.3 Definition of Terms
1.4 Legislation
1.5 Characteristics of Sewage
1.6 Reasons for Sewage Treatment
1.7 Objectives of Sewage Treatment
1.8 Basic Principles of Treatment
CHAPTER
2
Calculations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Units
2.3 Density of Water
2.4 Measurements
2.5 Rate of Flow
2.6 Concentrations
2.7 Mass Flow
2.8 Chemical Doses
2.9 Dilution
2.10 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
2.11 Concentrations of Other Gases
2.12 Retention Time
2.13 Upflow Rate
2.14 Weir Overflow Rate
2.15 Volumetric Loading Rate
2.16 Activated Sludge
2.17 Sand Filters
2.18 Sludge Quantity
2.19 Sludge Concentration
2.20 Sludge Dewatering
2.21 Mass Balance
CHAPTER 3
Chemistry
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Branches of Chemistry
3.3 Matter
3.4 Elements
3.5 Combinations of Elements
3.6 Reactions
3.7 Oxidation
3.8 Water Chemistry
3.9 Reactions associated with Wastewater Treatment
CHAPTER 4
Chemical Tests Applicable in Wastewater Treatment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Visual Observation
4.3 Microbiological Testing
4.4 Sampling
4.5 Tests Commonly used in Wastewater Treatment
4.6 Methods of Analysis
4.7 Equipment Required
4.8 Standard Solutions
4.9 Units of Concentration
4.10 Test Methods
CHAPTER 5
Micro-Organisms and their role in Wastewater Purification
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Classification
5.3 Kingdoms Morena and Protista
5.4 Bacteria
5.5 Other Micro-organisms
5.6 Micro-organisms in Wastewater Purification
5.7 Biology and Metabolism
5.8 Identification and Test Methods
5.9 Microscopic Examination as an Aid in Activated Sludge Control
CHAPTER 6
Hydraulics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Density
6.3 Mass and Weight
6.4 Pressure
6.5 Measuring Flow in Pipes
6.6 Flow in Channels
6.7 Weirs
CHAPTER 7
Preliminary Treatment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Screening Process
7.3 Grit Removal System
7.4 Flow Measurement
7.5 Routine Records that Should be Kept for Preliminary Treatment
CHAPTER 8
Primary Sedimentation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Reasons for Primary Sedimentation
8.3 Description of a Primary Sedimentation Tank (PST)
8.4 Calculations to Assess Loading and Performance of PST
8.5 Programme for Desludging the PST
8.6 Rapid Method to Determine Total Solids (%) in PST Sludge
8.7 Summary of Routine Operational Procedures for PST
8.8 Troubleshooting Guide for PST
8.9 Records to Keep of PST
CHAPTER 9
Thickening
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Reasons for thickening Sludge Before Anaerobic Digestion
9.3 Relationship Between Volume Change of Sludge Liquor and Total
Solids Content During the Thickening Process
9.4 Description of a Typical Gravity Thickener
9.5 Gravity Thickener Desludging Optimisation Tests
9.6 Evaluation of Gravity Thickener Efficiency
9.7 Summary of Routine Operational Procedures for a Gravity
Thickener
9.8 Troubleshooting Guide for Gravity Thickeners
9.9 Dissolved Air Flotation Thickeners
9.10 Routine Records that Should be Kept for Gravity Thickeners
CHAPTER 10
Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Reasons for Digesting Sludge
10.3 Basics of the Anaerobic Digestion Process
10.4 Types of Anaerobic Digester Systems
10.5 Feed Schedule to Control Digester Loading
10.6 Schedule Supernatant and Sludge Withdrawal
10.7 Maintenance of Biogas Handling System
10.8 Digester Process Control Indicators
10.9 Summary of Typical Digester Loading and Performance Criteria
10.10 Summary of Routine Operational Procedures for Anaerobic Digester
10.11 Troubleshooting Guide for Anaerobic Digestion
10.12 Routine Records that Should be Kept for the Anaerobic Digestion Process
CHAPTER 11
Dewatering
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Conditioning
11.3 Thickening
11.4 Sludge Storage
11.5 Vacuum Filtration
11.6 Filter Presses
11.7 Filter Belt Press
11.8 Performance Evaluation of Mechanical Sludge Handling Equipment
11.9 Drying Lagoons
11.10 Heat Treatment
11.11 Composting
11.12 Principles of Drying Bed Operation
11.13 Variables which Affect the Drying Process
11.14 Description of a Typical Sludge Bed
11.15 Routine Maintenance of Drying Beds and Optimisation of the Process
11.16 Summary of Routine Operational Procedures for Sludge Drying Beds
11.17 Troubleshooting Guide for Sludge Drying Bed Operation
11.18 Routine Records that Should be Kept for Sludge Drying Beds
CHAPTER 12
Sludge Utilisation and Disposal
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of Sludges Produced
12.3 What is Meant by Sludge Stabilisation?
12.4 Alternative Sludge Stabilisation Processes
12.5 Classification of Wastewater Sludges
12.6 Various Sludge Disposal Options
12.7 Utilisation of Sludge as a Soil Conditioner
12.8 Summary of Responsibilities of Local Authorities
CHAPTER 13
The Activated Sludge Process
13.1 Basic Concepts
13.2 Types of Activated Sludge Systems
13.3 Methods of Aeration
13.4 Control Systems in Activated Sludge Plants
13.5 Activated Sludge Units in Combination with Other Processes
13.6 Maintenance and Troubleshooting
13.7 Health Risk and Danger
CHAPTER 14
Nutrient Removal
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Plants for Nitrogen Removal
14.3 Chemical Phosphate Removal
14.4 Biological Phosphate Removal
14.5 Process Configurations
14.6 Control of BNR Plants
CHAPTER 15
Biological Filtration
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Description of a Biological Filter
15.3 Principle of Biological Filtration
15.4 Loading of a Biological Filter
15.5 Double Biological Filtration
15.6 Recirculation
15.7 Problems
15.8 Comparison of Biological Filters with the Activated Sludge
Process
15.9 Maintenance
CHAPTER 16
Secondary Sedimentation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Humus Tanks
16.3 Clarifiers
16.4 Clarifier Operation
16.5 Maintenance
CHAPTER 17
Polishing Treatment
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Microstraining
17.3 Sand Filtration
17.4 Land Treatment
17.5 Wetlands
17.6 Chlorination
17.7 Further Purification
17.8 Eutrophication
17.9 Advanced Treatment
CHAPTER 18
Disinfection
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Disinfection
18.3 Aqueous Chlorine Chemistry
18.4 Disinfection Efficiency of Chlorine
18.5 Formation of Disinfection By-products
18.6 Chlorination Practice
18.7 Safety Precautions
18.8 Determination of Chlorine
18.9 Bacteriological Analysis
18.10 Maintenance
CHAPTER 19
Small Sewage Treatment Works
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Plant Types
19.3 Quality Control
19.4 Plant Operation and Maintenance
19.5 Stabilisation and Maturation Ponds
CHAPTER 20
Industrial Effluents
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Origins of Industrial Effluents
20.3 Separate or Combined Treatment
20.4 Biodegradability
20.5 Inhibition and Toxic Substances
20.6 Load Created by Industrial Effluents
20.7 Characteristics of Industrial Effluents
20.8 Inhibitory and Toxic Substances Possibly Present in Industrial
Effluents
20.9 Control of Industrial Effluents
CHAPTER 21
Ocean Discharges
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Effect of Sewage on Water and Seawater
21.3 Consideration of Ocean Discharge and Outfalls
21.4 Factors Affecting the Design and Performance of Ocean Outfalls
21.5 Considerations in Siting an Outfall for Disposal of Sewage from
a Coastal Town
21.6 Design of a Sea Outfall
21.7 Suitability of Ocean Discharge
21.8 Pre-treatment
21.9 Length and Depth of an Outfall Pipe and Factors Influencing
Dispersion
21.10 Conclusion
CHAPTER 22
Maintenance
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Preventative Maintenance
22.3 Mechanical Maintenance
22.4 Pumps Maintenance
22.5 Electrical Maintenance
22.6 Lubrication
22.7 Protective Coating and Painting
CHAPTER 23
Records
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Why Keep Records?
23.3 What Records Should be Kept?
23.4 Filing
CHAPTER 24
Management
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Communicating
24.3 Management Structures
24.4 Job Descriptions
24.5 Training
24.6 Legislation that is Applicable
24.7 Benchmarking
CHAPTER 25
Safety
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Safety Committees
25.3 Inspections
25.4 Basic Rules
25.5 Safety Equipment
25.6 Protective Clothing
25.7 Supervision
25.8 Safe Procedures
25.9 Safety Legislation
CHAPTER 26
Instrumentation
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Sensor Application Guidelines
26.3 Flow Measurement
26.4 Pressure Measurement
26.5 Level Measurement
26.6 Speed Measurement
26.7 Physical Chemical Analysers
26.8 Ion Selective Electrodes
26.9 Signal Transmission
26.10 Automatic Control
26.11 Maintenance
CHAPTER 27
Pumps Section
27.1 History of Pumping
27.2 Classification of Pumps
27.3 Operation of the Pumping Plant
27.4 Normal Starting and Stopping
27.5 Overhaul of Pumps
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